What type of research identifies relationships between variables without experimental manipulation?

• A. Demonstration Research
• B. Correlational Research
• C. Single Case Research
• D. Between-Group Research

Answer: (B)

Correlational research is designed to identify and quantify relationships between variables without any intervention or manipulation. This type of research examines how changes in one variable are associated with changes in another, allowing researchers to identify patterns or trends. For example, a researcher might investigate the correlation between study hours and academic performance; this would show the strength and direction of the relationship but does not imply causation.

In contrast, demonstration research typically involves showing the effects of an intervention by illustrating changes that occur due to that intervention. Single case research focuses on in-depth analysis of individual cases, often using a control phase to establish effects, while between-group research compares different groups who have received different treatments or interventions. These types employ experimental manipulations, which differentiates them from correlational research.